关于苯你所应该知道的！

苯是什么?

What benzene is？

苯是一的化学物质，在室温下为无色或淡黄色液体。

Benzene is a chemical that is a colorless or light yellow liquid at room temperature.

它有一种甜甜的气味，而且非常易燃。

It has a sweet odor and is highly flammable.

苯在空气中的蒸发速度非常快。

Benzene evaporates into the air very quickly.

它的蒸汽比空气重，可能下沉到低洼区域。

Its vapor is heavier than air and may sink into low-lying areas.

苯在水中轻微溶解，会浮在水面上。

Benzene dissolves only slightly in water and will float on top of water.

苯在哪里被发现以及如何使用?

Where benzene is found and how it is used？

苯是由自然过程和人类活动形成的。

Benzene is formed from both natural processes and human activities.

苯的自然来源包括火山和森林火灾。

Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires.

苯也是原油、汽油和香烟烟雾的天然组成部分。

Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.

苯在美国被广泛使用。

Benzene is widely used in the United States.

产量排名前20位。

It ranks in the top 20 chemicals for production volume.

一些工业用苯来制造其他化学品，这些化学品可用于制造塑料、树脂、尼龙和合成纤维。

Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals that are used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers.

苯还被用于制造某些类型的润滑剂、橡胶、染料、洗涤剂、药品和农药。

Benzene is also used to make some types of lubricants, rubbers, dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.

怎么会接触到苯呢？

How you could be exposed to benzene

室外空气中的苯含量很低，它们来自烟草烟雾、加油站、机动车尾气和工业排放。

Outdoor air contains low levels of benzene from tobacco smoke, gas stations, motor vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions.

室内空气中苯的含量通常高于室外空气。

Indoor air generally contains levels of benzene higher than those in outdoor air.

室内空气中的苯来自于含有苯的产品，如胶水、油漆、家具蜡和洗涤剂。

The benzene in indoor air comes from products that contain benzene such as glues, paints, furniture wax, and detergents.

危险废物处理场或加油站周围的空气中苯的含量可能高于其他地区。

The air around hazardous waste sites or gas stations can contain higher levels of benzene than in other areas.

从地下储罐或含有苯的危险废物场泄漏的苯会污染井水。

Benzene leaks from underground storage tanks or from hazardous waste sites containing benzene can contaminate well water.

在生产或使用苯的行业工作的人可能接触到最高水平的苯。

People working in industries that make or use benzene may be exposed to the highest levels of it.

苯接触的一个主要来源是烟草烟雾。

A major source of benzene exposure is tobacco smoke.

苯是如何作用的?

How benzene works？

苯的作用机理是使细胞不能正常工作。

Benzene works by causing cells not to work correctly.

例如，它会导致骨髓不能产生足够的红细胞，从而导致贫血。

For example, it can cause bone marrow not to produce enough red blood cells, which can lead to anemia.

此外，它可以通过改变血液中的抗体水平和导致白细胞的损失来损害免疫系统。

Also, it can damage the immune system by changing blood levels of antibodies and causing the loss of white blood cells.

苯引起中毒的严重程度取决于接触的数量、途径和时间长短，以及接触者的年龄和先前存在的健康状况。

The seriousness of poisoning caused by benzene depends on the amount, route, and length of time of exposure, as well as the age and preexisting medical condition of the exposed person.

接触苯的立即迹象和症状

Immediate signs and symptoms of exposure to benzene

吸入高浓度苯的人可能在几分钟到几小时内出现以下体征和症状:

People who breathe in high levels of benzene may develop the following signs and symptoms within minutes to several hours:

困倦

Drowsiness

头晕

Dizziness

心跳过快或不规律

Rapid or irregular heartbeat

头痛

Headaches

颤抖

Tremors

混乱

Confusion

无意识

Unconsciousness

死亡(非常高的浓度下)

Death (at very high levels)

食用含有高浓度苯的食物或饮料可在数分钟至数小时内引起下列症状:

Eating foods or drinking beverages containing high levels of benzene can cause the following symptoms within minutes to several hours:

呕吐

Vomiting

对胃的刺激

Irritation of the stomach

头晕

Dizziness

睡意

Sleepiness

抽搐

Convulsions

心跳过快或不规则

Rapid or irregular heartbeat

死亡(非常高的浓度下)

Death (at very high levels)

如果因为吞下含有苯的食物或饮料而呕吐，呕吐物可能会被吸入肺部，导致呼吸问题和咳嗽。

If a person vomits because of swallowing foods or beverages containing benzene, the vomit could be sucked into the lungs and cause breathing problems and coughing.

眼睛、皮肤或肺直接接触苯会导致组织损伤和刺激。

Direct exposure of the eyes, skin, or lungs to benzene can cause tissue injury and irritation.

出现这些迹象和症状并不一定意味着接触了苯。

Showing these signs and symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has been exposed to benzene.

接触苯对健康的长期影响

Long-term health effects of exposure to benzene

长期接触苯的主要影响是对血液的影响。

The major effect of benzene from long-term exposure is on the blood.

(长期接触指的是一年或更长时间的接触。)

(Long-term exposure means exposure of a year or more.)

苯会对骨髓产生有害影响，会导致红细胞减少，导致贫血。

Benzene causes harmful effects on the bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red blood cells, leading to anemia.

它还会引起大出血，影响免疫系统，增加感染的机会。

It can also cause excessive bleeding and can affect the immune system, increasing the chance for infection.

一些吸入高浓度苯数月的女性月经不调，卵巢变小。

Some women who breathed high levels of benzene for many months had irregular menstrual periods and a decrease in the size of their ovaries.

目前还不清楚接触苯是否会影响孕妇胎儿的发育或男性生育能力。

It is not known whether benzene exposure affects the developing fetus in pregnant women or fertility in men.

动物研究表明，怀孕动物吸入苯后，出生体重低，骨形成延迟，以及骨髓损伤。

Animal studies have shown low birth weights, delayed bone formation, and bone marrow damage when pregnant animals breathed benzene.

美国卫生与公众服务部(DHHS)已经确定苯会导致人类癌症。

The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that benzene causes cancer in humans.

长期暴露在空气中高浓度的苯会导致白血病，即造血器官的癌症。

Long term exposure to high levels of benzene in the air can cause leukemia, cancer of the blood forming organs.

如何保护自己，如果接触到苯该怎么做？

How you can protect yourself, and what to do if you are exposed to benzene

首先，如果苯被释放到空气中，离开苯被释放的区域，呼吸新鲜的空气。

First, if the benzene was released into the air, get fresh air by leaving the area where the benzene was released.

转移到空气新鲜的地方是减少因接触空气中的苯而死亡的可能性的一个好方法。

Moving to an area with fresh air is a good way to reduce the possibility of death from exposure to benzene in the air.

如果苯是在外面释放的，就远离苯释放的区域。

If the benzene release was outside, move away from the area where the benzene was released.

如果苯是在室内释放的，撤离建筑物。

If the benzene release was indoors, get out of the building.

如果你在苯释放物附近，紧急协调员可能会告诉你要么撤离该地区，要么在建筑物内“就地避难”，以避免接触到化学物质。

If you are near a release of benzene, emergency coordinators may tell you to either evacuate the area or to “shelter in place” inside a building to avoid being exposed to the chemical.